Afrotechmods - Fun with electronics! This is the original SparkFun tutorial system, used for years for single-page tutorials and a lot of other things like projects, tear-downs, and buying guides. SparkFun Electronics. PHYS 401 Physics of Ham Radio 26 Basic Electronics Chapter 2, 3A (test T5, T6) Basic Electrical Principles and the Functions of Components Figures in this course book are reproduced with the permission of the American Radio. Arduino Tutorial Learn Electronics using Arduino! All of the content in the Arduino Tutorial is CC 2.5 Share-Alike Attrib. Beginners Guide to Electronics.Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control of electrons (electricity) and the study of their behavior and effects in vacuums, gases, and semiconductors, and with devices using such. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. 5 LabVIEW Package and Driver Installation Tutorial for ENGR 190. Index.htm of: A collection of tutorials on Electronics, from the basics to University level; more than 400 URLs, in over 90 related subject areas.
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Military. INSTALLATIONS - U. S. Department of Defense. Defense Service Network (DSN) Dialing Instructions: The DSN is the provider of long- distance communications service for the Department of Defense (Do. D). Every installation has a special DSN number and the numbers vary by world- wide location. In order to place a call using DSN, the caller must be using a military phone on an installation. Cell phones cannot dial DSN numbers. When dialing a DSN number from a United States installation to another United States installation, it is unnecessary to dial the DSN 3. When dialing a DSN number to/from overseas locations, the DSN area code must be included. The operator can be reached at commercial (7. Please note that long distance charges may be incurred. Download Stuttgart, United States Army Garrison, Germany contacts »Adult Education Centers. Education Center. The housing units are located in four separate areas around Stuttgart. Patch Barracks and Robinson Barracks are the two largest areas with approximately 60 % of total housing. The Army Post Offices (APOs) at Panzer. Army Garrison Stuttgart manages five installations that provide base operations and support services to nearly 25,000 joint U.S. Embed your audio anywhere with our HTML5 player. I dont care Ill ever sound Oganized Organized 1. I cant find the dirvers for my Brother MFC 210c. Building 2. 91. 5Panzer Kaserne. Stuttgart, Germany Building 2. Panzer Kaserne. APO, AE 0. Phone 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. Fax 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. Fax (DSN) 3. 14- 4. Mon – Fri - 8: 0. Patch Barracks. Stuttgart, Germany 7. Phone 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. Phone (DSN) 3. 14- 4. Fax 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. PWOC Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. We are Protestant Women of the Chapel at Patch Barracks. Password: Forgot account? See more of PWOC Stuttgart by logging. Patch Barracks was renamed from the German Kurm. Stuttgart VVS public transit map for the Patch area. New construction nears completion on Panzer, Kelley. STUTTGART, Germany -- Last year. The new hotel will allow the Hilltop Hotel on Robinson Barracks to close in June and the Swabian Inn on Patch Barracks to close. Patch Barracks Gym Belly Dance Class. Published: 2010/05/06. Kelley Barracks Stuttgart 16.04.2013 General James George Stavridis. Navy Reserve Master at Arms Patch Army Barracks Germany Army Barracks. Patch Barracks Stuttgart, Germany 70569 Phone 011-49-711-680-7204 Phone (DSN) 314-430-7204 Mon – Fri 2:30 p.m. Sun – closed Holidays – closed Map: Explore the links to the left. Stavridis and Air Force Gen. Breedlove on Patch Barracks, Stuttgart. Fax (DSN) 3. 14- 4. Mon – Fri - 6: 0. United States Army Garrison Stuttgart. APO, AE 0. 91. 07. Phone 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. Phone (DSN) 3. 14- 4. Mon – Fri - 8: 0. Sun – closed. Holidays - closed. Website . 2. 91. 5, 2nd Floor. Panzer Kaserne. Stuttgart, Germany Phone 0. Phone (DSN) 3. 14- 4. Fax 0. 11- 4. 9- 7. Fax (DSN) 3. 14- 4. 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MP3 is a digital audio format without digital. Provided to YouTube by CDBaby Eternally Grateful . Warlock Gear Guide - from level 2. Gems. I see a lot of locks gemming incorrectly these days, so I'm going to give my thoughts on the best way to gem. When you gem an item, first look at the socket bonus, and how many gems are needed to get to the socket bonus. Next, take note of what stats you need to work on, especially if you are not hit capped through stats on gear only. If you are not hit capped, the best way to gem is by putting pure spell hit gems into sockets in this order of preference. Yellow - always put pure spell hit gems in UNLESS you are hit capped. Blue - put pure spell hit gems in UNLESS hit capped AND don't need 2 blue gems for meta gem. Red - only put pure spell hit gems if not hit capped AND the socket bonus is worthless. Blue sockets are generally the worst socket for DPS, but we need two of them to activate the Chaotic Skyfire Diamond meta gem. Sometimes blue sockets aren't so bad, such as in the Belt of Blasting where you won't lose a lot of DPS by socketing a purple gem in the blue socket and getting the socket bonus. If you are hit capped just through stats on your gear, you will want to put either spell haste/damage gems, spell crit/damage gems, or pure spell damage gems in pretty much every one of your sockets for maximum DPS with Destruction raiding. Patch Version Server Release Date (US) Notes 6.0.3.19116 : 19116 : Test : Nov 11, 2014 : Date on login screen: Oct 29, 2014; labeled 'Test x86' or Oct 29, 2014 'Test x64'. Changed back to 'Test'. The Mac OS X client continues. K-1 Confirm lowblow at Choi Hong Mang vs Mighty Mo,it become no down.but Winner is no changed, Choiwon. Recently I had the opportunity to travel to Portland, Oregon for business. Not unusual for me as most of my work involves traveling somewhere. As I checked into the hotel, a woman was standing at the front desk yelling at the. Bloodseeker DOTA 2 Hero. Find all Bloodseeker stats and find build guides to help you play DOTA 2. Here are two simple examples: * Carved Witch Doctor's Stick - If hit capped, use a spell haste/dmg orange gem. If not hit capped, use a pure spell hit gem. If you need a blue gem to activate your meta gem, put a purple gem in with spell damage/stamina.* Fury of the Ursine - If not hit capped, use a pure spell hit gem. If hit capped, use a spell dmg/spell haste gem. Remember that each situation is different though, it depends on your individual situation. Here are the best options for each type of socket color. Note that a gem that I list might have an identical counterpart that can be obtained through Pv. Television Programs and Commercials: Videotapes in the Media Resources Center UC Berkeley.P, heroic boss drop, quests, etc. I'm only going to list one type and list the most common place to find it. Red socket. 1. Don Julio's Heart (Jewelcrafting Bo. P, unique) DP: 8. Veiled Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 8. Reckless Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Runed Crimson Spinel (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Potent Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Veiled Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 7. Reckless Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 6. Potent Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 6. Runed Living Ruby (Rare gem) DP: 5. Veiled Flame Spessarite (Uncommon gem) DP: 5. Yellow socket. 1. Great Lionseye (BT/SWP drop) DP: 1. Veiled Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 8. Blood of Amber (Jewelcrafting Bo. P, unique) DP: 8. Great Dawnstone (Rare gem) DP: 8. Quick Lionseye (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Reckless Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Potent Pyrestone (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Veiled Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 7. Gleaming Lionseye (BT/SWP drop) DP: 7. Reckless Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 6. Quick Dawnstone (Rare gem) DP: 6. Potent Noble Topaz (Rare gem) DP: 6. Great Golden Draenite (Uncommon gem) DP: 6. Gleaming Dawnstone (Rare gem) DP: 5. Veiled Flame Spessarite (Uncommon gem) DP: 5. Blue socket. 1. Vivid Chrysoprase (Quagmirran - Heroic Slave Pens) DP: 5. Forceful Seaspray Emerald (BT/SWP drop) DP: 3. Glowing Shadowsong Amethyst (BT/SWP drop) DP: 3. Glowing Nightseye (Rare gem) DP: 3. Glowing Shadow Draenite (Uncommon gem) DP: 2. Meta socket. The meta gem that you should be using is the Chaotic Skyfire Diamond, and I am assuming a DP value of 2. This gem requires a combination of at least 2 blue/purple/green gems throughout your other sockets to be active. H Weapon. Pre- raiding: The easiest way to a decent weapon is to go to run Heroic Magister's Terrace and get the weapon off of the first boss. Pretty easy and drops a quarter of the time. You could also grind the Merciless Gladiator's Spellblade if you don't mind Pv. P farming a bit. The heroic badge weapon isn't very good for the hefty price. Tier 4 raiding: If possible,try and get the Merciless Gladiator's Spellblade as you won't see something nearly as good or an upgrade until Hyjal/BT. If you don't want to grind the honor, then Gruul/Prince drop a very nice dagger that will last. Tier 5 raiding: If your guild is killing Jan'alai in ZA, go for his weapon. If not, the Merciless Gladiator's Spellblade is still pretty much the best you can do here for a guaranteed item, but if you are in a Leo killing guild, then his sword becomes a good alternative. Tier 6 raiding: Archimonde's weapon is by far the best one hander in the game for casters. Skip The Maelstrom's Fury, as it's a minimal upgrade from T5 level weapons. When you clear Sunwell, Kil'jaedan carries the Sunflare, the best weapon in game. Sunflare (Kil'jaeden - Sunwell Plateau) DP: 2. Tempest of Chaos (Archimonde - Mount Hyjal) DP: 2. Brutal Gladiator's Blade of Alacrity (Season 4 Arena) DP: 1. Brutal Gladiator's Spellblade (Season 4 Arena) DP: 1. Vengeful Gladiator's Spellblade (Season 3 Arena) DP: 1. The Maelstrom's Fury (High Warlord Naj'entus - Black Temple) DP: 1. Wub's Cursed Hexblade (Jan'alai - Zul'Aman) DP: 1. Talon of the Tempest (Doomwalker) DP: 1. Blade of Twisted Visions (Zul'jin - Zul'Aman) DP: 1. Merciless Gladiator's Spellblade (Season 2 Arena) DP: 1. Scryer's Blade of Focus (1. Heroic Badges) DP: 1. Fang of the Leviathan (Leotheras the Blind - Serpentshrine Cavern) DP: 1. Bloodmaw Magus- Blade (Gruul - Gruul's Lair) DP: 1. Nathrezim Mindblade (Prince Malchezzar - Karazhan) DP: 1. Jaded Crystal Dagger (Selin Firehand - Heroic Magister's Terrace) DP: 1. Gladiator's Spellblade (Season 1 Arena) DP: 1. Eternium Runed Blade (3. Bo. E Blacksmithing) DP: 1. Blade of the Archmage/Stormcaller (Exalted with Honor Hold/Thrallmar) DP: 1. Blade of Wizardry (Bo. E World Drop) DP: 1. Archmage's Guile (Revered with Shattered Sun) DP: 9. Greatsword of Horrid Dreams (Murmur - Shadow Labyrinth) DP: 9. Starlight Dagger (Mennu the Betrayer - Heroic Slave Pens) DP: 9. Runesong Dagger (Warbringer O'mrogg - Shattered Halls) DP: 9. Grand Marshal's Spellblade (Pv. P Honor Reward) DP: 9. The Willbreaker (Keli'dan the Breaker - Heroic Blood Furnace) DP: 8. Continuum Blade (Revered with Keepers of Time) DP: 8. Mana Wrath (Pathaleon the Calculator - The Mechanar) DP: 8. Enchant: Soulfrost - DP: 3. DP: 2. 56. 0+3. 0 spell damage - DP: 1. Off- hand. Pre- raiding: If you are starting to raid, the Fetish of the Primal Gods or the Orb of the Soul Eater is one of the best investments of your badges that you can make. They will last a very long time as a true upgrade doesn't come until Hyjal/BT. Tier 4 raiding: Karazhan has a couple nice off- hands, but the badge rewards are still your best options. Tier 5 raiding: The Fathomstone is nice for some crit, but it's not a huge upgrade over the heroic rewards. Tier 6 raiding: In BT and Hyjal we get some very substantial upgrades. Rage's offhand is significantly better than Shade's though, so be patient and go for that one. Brutallus' offhand is pretty lackluster. Chronicle of Dark Secrets (Rage Winterchill - Mount Hyjal) DP: 6. Blind- Seers Icon (Shade of Akama - Black Temple) DP: 5. Heart of the Pit (Brutallus - Sunwell Plateau) DP: 4. Fathomstone (Hydross the Unstable - Serpentshrine Cavern) DP: 3. Fetish of the Primal Gods (3. Heroic Badges) DP: 3. Jewel of Infinite Possibilities (Netherspite - Karazhan) DP: 3. Lamp of Peaceful Radiance (Harbringer Skyriss - The Arcatraz) DP: 3. Orb of the Soul Eater (2. Heroic Badges) DP: 3. Khadgar's Knapsack (2. Heroic Badges) DP: 3. Karrog's Shard (Karrog) DP: 3. Talisman of Nightbane (Nightbane - Karazhan) DP: 3. Manual of the Nethermancer (Nethermancer Sepethrea - Mechanar) DP: 2. Star- Heart Lamp (Temporus - Black Morass) DP: 2. Brutal Gladiator's Endgame (Season 4 Arena) DP: 2. Karaborian Talisman (Magtheridon - Magtheridon's Lair) DP: 2. Vengeful Gladiator's Endgame (Season 3 Arena) DP: 2. H Weapon. Pre- raiding: I recommend actually going for a 1. H + off- hand for pretty much all of raiding. This is especially true given the itemization for pre- raiding, as you usually get a better DPS combination that way. Kael'thas in Magister's Terrace drops a pretty nice staff though and is one of the better DPS blue staffs. I still recommend the 1. H+OH combo though. Tier 4 raiding: Staff of Infinite Mysteries is nice, but it isn't as good as the 1. H weapons off Prince and Gruul. Having your eye on those weapons over this staff is the best way to go. Tier 5 raiding: The Nexus Key pretty nice if you never got a weapon from Kara or Gruul, but it shouldn't make you switch to a staff. Tier 6 raiding: Illidan's staff = /drool, but the Tempest of Chaos + Rage's off hand is definitely a better DPS combo. When you get to Sunwell, the 5. Felmyst's staff make up for all the hit you'll be using with the Sunwell caster upgrades. This is probably the best way to go, and pretty much the only time I favor a staff over a 1. H + OH combo. 1. Grand Magister's Staff of Torrents (Felmyst - Sunwell Plateau) DP: 2. Brutal Gladiator's Battle Staff(Season 4 Arena) DP: 2. Zhar'doom, Greatstaff of the Devourer (Illidan - Black Temple) DP: 2. Vengeful Gladiator's Battle Staff (Season 3 Arena) DP: 2. Brutal Gladiator's War Staff(Season 4 Arena) DP: 2. Merciless Gladiator's War Staff (Pv. P Honor Reward) DP: 1. Vengeful Gladiator's War Staff (Season 3 Arena) DP: 1. The Nexus Key (Kael'thas Sunstrider - Tempest Keep) DP: 1. Amani Divining Staff (Timed Event - Zul'Aman) DP: 1. Gladiator's War Staff (Pv. P Honor Reward) DP: 1. Staff of Infinite Mysteries (The Curator - Karazhan) DP: 1. Terokk's Shadowstaff (Talon King Ikiss - Heroic Sethekk Halls) DP: 1. Sun- infused Focus Staff (Kael'thas - Magister's Terrace) DP: 1. Grand Marshal's War Staff (Pv. P Honor Reward) DP: 1. Auchenai Staff (Revered with Aldor) DP: 1. Warpstaff of Arcanum (Warp Splinter - The Botanica) DP: 1. The Bringer of Death (World Drop) DP: 1. Enchant: Soulfrost - DP: 3. DP: 2. 56. 0+3. 0 spell damage - DP: 1. Wand. Pre- raiding: The wand slot doesn't give a whole lot of DPS points, so don't worry if you don't have the best wand when you start raiding. You'll get a good one eventually. Top 1. 0 PC Antivirus Software Comparison. Subscribe to Our Newsletter. A collection of reviews, tests, awards and personal opinions of anti-malware software. See our expert and unbiased reviews of the best anti-malware software of 2016. Compare this year's top anti-malware for free at Top Ten Reviews. Emsisoft Anti-Malware 11.0 gets good ratings from the independent labs that test it, and it did quite well in our hands-on malware blocking and malicious URL tests. It's highly configurable. Compare this year's top ranked anti-spyware for free at Top Ten Reviews. This program has every tool and feature we look for in the best spyware remover software. Anti-Malware Software Review see comparisons. 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Knowledge- based systems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A knowledge- based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and is used to refer to many different kinds of systems. The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly via tools such as ontologies and rules rather than implicitly via code the way a conventional computer program does. A knowledge based system has two types of sub- systems: a knowledge base and an inference engine. The knowledge base represents facts about the world, often in some form of subsumptionontology. The inference engine represents logical assertions and conditions about the world, usually represented via IF- THEN rules. These early knowledge- based systems were primarily expert systems. In fact the term is often used synonymously with expert systems. Knowledge-Based Systems Volume 109, Pages 1-294 (1 October 2016). New Avenues in Knowledge Bases for Natural Language Processing. PDF (1123 K) Highlights. The difference is in the view taken to describe the system. Expert system refers to the type of task the system is trying to solve, to replace or aid a human expert in a complex task. Knowledge- based system refers to the architecture of the system, that it represents knowledge explicitly rather than as procedural code. While the earliest knowledge- based systems were almost all expert systems, the same tools and architectures can and have since been used for a whole host of other types of systems. I. e., virtually all expert systems are knowledge- based systems but many knowledge- based systems are not expert systems. The first knowledge- based systems were rule based expert systems. One of the most famous was Mycin a program for medical diagnosis. These early expert systems represented facts about the world as simple assertions in a flat database and used rules to reason about and as a result add to these assertions. Representing knowledge explicitly via rules had several advantages: Acquisition and maintenance. Using rules meant that domain experts could often define and maintain the rules themselves rather than via a programmer. Explanation. Representing knowledge explicitly allowed systems to reason about how they came to a conclusion and use this information to explain results to users. Knowledge-based system refers to the. These early expert systems represented facts about the world as simple assertions in a flat database and used rules to reason about and as a result. Knowledge-Based Systems. At this point in the history of Information Technology the distinction between a database and a knowledge base was clear and. Knowledge Management actually predated the Internet but with the Internet there was great. For example, to follow the chain of inferences that led to a diagnosis and use these facts to explain the diagnosis. Reasoning. Decoupling the knowledge from the processing of that knowledge enabled general purpose inference engines to be developed.
These systems could develop conclusions that followed from a data set that the initial developers may not have even been aware of. Rather than representing facts as assertions about data, the knowledge- base became more structured, representing information using similar techniques to object- oriented programming such as hierarchies of classes and subclasses, relations between classes, and behavior of objects. As the knowledge base became more structured reasoning could occur both by independent rules and by interactions within the knowledge base itself. For example, procedures stored as demons on objects could fire and could replicate the chaining behavior of rules. Rather than statically declare the subsumption relations in a knowledge- base a classifier allows the developer to simply declare facts about the world and let the classifier deduce the relations. In this way a classifier also can play the role of an inference engine. The internet often has to deal with complex, unstructured data that can't be relied on to fit a specific data model. The technology of knowledge- based systems and especially the ability to classify objects on demand is ideal for such systems. The model for these kinds of knowledge- based Internet systems is known as the Semantic Web. Schlumberger- Doll Research. Retrieved 9 November 2. Building Expert Systems. Retrieved 1. 0 November 2. Knowledge- Based Systems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Developing genomic knowledge bases and databases to support clinical management: current perspectives. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. Laboratory for Informatics Development, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA2. Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA3. Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA4. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, MD, USACorrespondence: Vojtech Huser, Laboratory for Informatics Development, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 1. Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 2. USA, Tel +1 3. 01 8. Email vog. hin@resuh. Copyright . This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v. License. The full terms of the License are available at http: //creativecommons. Non- commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract. Personalized medicine, the ability to tailor diagnostic and treatment decisions for individual patients, is seen as the evolution of modern medicine. We characterize here the informatics resources available today or envisioned in the near future that can support clinical interpretation of genomic test results. We assume a clinical sequencing scenario (germline whole- exome sequencing) in which a clinical specialist, such as an endocrinologist, needs to tailor patient management decisions within his or her specialty (targeted findings) but relies on a genetic counselor to interpret off- target incidental findings. We characterize the genomic input data and list various types of knowledge bases that provide genomic knowledge for generating clinical decision support. We highlight the need for patient- level databases with detailed lifelong phenotype content in addition to genotype data and provide a list of recommendations for personalized medicine knowledge bases and databases. We conclude that no single knowledge base can currently support all aspects of personalized recommendations and that consolidation of several current resources into larger, more dynamic and collaborative knowledge bases may offer a future path forward. Keywords: personalized medicine, knowledge bases, databases, clinical decision support, clinical informatics. Personalized medicine. Personalized medicine, also referred to as precision or individualized medicine, can be defined as a combination of state- of- the- art molecular profiling (- omics methods) and traditional methods, such as family history, to create diagnostic and therapeutic strategies precisely tailored to individual patients. Although there are many molecular profiling methods available in research settings, only genomic analyses such as genotyping or exome sequencing are in significant use for patient care. This article is intended to complement a previous perspective paper on pharmacogenetic testing in primary care settings. DNA. Tailoring patient care to an individual, based on genetic traits, is not a novel phenomenon in medicine. Historical elements, such as family history, have long been used to screen for risk assessment. Laboratory studies such as sickle cell preparations and hemoglobin electrophoresis are commonplace methods for indirectly assessing mutations by characterizing gene products. Other examples are genetic tests for von Hippel- Lindau disease or breast cancer. In November 2. 01. US Food and Drug Administration granted marketing authorization for Illumina’s Mi. Seq. Dx Universal Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), which provides the opportunity for clinical laboratories to create their own genetic tests. The availability of more comprehensive genetic testing greatly increases the problem space. As a result, the practice of personalized medicine is dominated by, and for all intents and purposes synonymous with, modern genetic testing. The challenge now is no longer the performance of the tests but the decisions around when to perform them and how to interpret their results. As the number and complexity of genetic findings far exceed human mental capacity, knowledge bases are needed that can assist with personalized medical decision making. Current knowledge bases are, in turn, derived from sets of individual genomic data residing in large databases. This article describes the interplay of input data with knowledge bases, with a case study to illustrate how genomic and nongenomic input data are interpreted with the help of knowledge bases to produce personalized medicine recommendations. Genomic input data. There are many types of genomic data that can be collected into data sets, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data produced by genotyping DNA arrays of various sizes, Sanger sequencing data of individual genes, next- generation targeted sequencing of sets of genes, and nontargeted sequencing of either whole exomes or whole genomes. To focus our perspective paper on a single, well- defined scenario, we chose to consider nontargeted, germline, whole- exome sequencing, as we believe this scenario will be the most prevalent and economical in the clinical context in the coming years. Although the exome makes up only 1. MB), depending on the capture kit used (see the Mc. Inerney- Leo study. Exome sequencing is popular for a number of reasons. First, the exome is considered the most important part of the genome, as any change in this part has the potential to directly affect protein coding and downstream gene products. Second, it is much easier, quicker, and cheaper to sequence only 1. Third, downstream data management tasks including storage, annotation, and analysis of variants are simpler and made even easier by storing only the data points that represent variants from some standard sequence. Therefore, unless there is a clear clinical or scientific reason to sequence the whole genome, most institutions offering clinical sequencing confine themselves to exome sequencing. We focus on germline genomic data because, in our view, their acquisition is most mature with respect to clinical use. We acknowledge that somatic genomics are rapidly progressing and are potentially an important future part of personalized medicine. For our model scenario, we assume that personalized medicine is delivered by an interdisciplinary team that includes a specialist physician (eg, an outpatient endocrinologist), a genetic counselor, and a molecular geneticist. We further limit the context to clinical settings, not research studies, and assume that the cost of the exome sequencing was paid by the patient or the health plan (eg, because of a diagnostic odyssey or family relative having a genetic disease warranting exome sequencing of close relatives). We also expect that the patient has several channels by which genetic reports may be communicated. The most significant constraint in our scenario is a review of genetic findings relevant to a specialist, using a specialty- specific genetic report (see Figure 1). Other channels include consultation visits with a genetic counselor covering incidental (off- target) findings outside the specialty in question, as well as a patient- interfacing Web- application for on- demand, self- guided inspection of genomic findings (see Partners Healthcare and Personal Genome Project. In addition, patients may receive notifications if new scientific findings modify their exome interpretation such that a reconsultation visit is required (eg, when genomic knowledge bases receive new updates that trigger new findings reportable to the patient). Data flow in personalized medicine. Knowledge bases. To provide personalized medicine recommendations, knowledge relevant to individual patient data must be obtained. We use the term knowledge bases to characterize resources that include information about the interpretation and implication of specific genomic findings. Knowledge bases typically contain aggregate knowledge and no patient- level data. Table 1 presents an overview of selected knowledge bases available today, ranging from commercial products such as the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) to freely available resources such as Clin. Var. These knowledge bases differ in their level of expert curation and orientation toward practicing clinicians versus molecular geneticists. The Clin. Gen knowledge base, announced in September 2. Overview of selected genomic knowledge bases and resources. In terms of content or internal organization, knowledge bases can be primarily structured by publication (Pub. Med), disease (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man), gene (Gene Ontology), protein product (Human Protein Atlas), or individual gene position (Clin. Var). In many cases, however, knowledge on various levels is related, and multiple organizing principles are needed, as well as links among knowledge bases. Some knowledge bases serve as a primary source of data about human reference sequences, variants, and functional implications, whereas other resources, such as the University of California Santa Cruz Genome Browser and Ensembl, bring a set of several resources together and present them in an integrated way. This allows users to obtain information from multiple sources within a single platform. A special type of knowledge base is the reference human genome build itself (currently at build 3. GCF. For example, the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (db. SNP)9 is a relational database that consists of several interconnected tables, including an allele table listing unique alleles across several organisms, an allele frequency table for different subpopulations, and a publication table with Pub. Med articles linked to a given db. SNP record. Another popular format is e. Xtensible Markup Language, which is not restricted by relational or spreadsheet paradigms. Clin. Var,1. 0 for example, is available as a single file (9. Descent into Chaos (Nightrage album)Descent into Chaos is the second full- length studio album by the Greek/Swedishmelodic death metal band Nightrage. It was released by Century Media Records on 2. February 2. 00. 5 in Europe, on 5 April 2. US and by King Japan on 2. 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